Anything about Cause and Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anything about Cause and Effect - Essay Example For the most part, the amount of waste and/or trash that is generated in terms of the production of goods and shipment worldwide is not contingent on the actual product itself. Instead, the majority of the trash and waste that is produced is contingent upon the packaging that is utilized to the product. Each and every year hundreds of thousands of tons of packing waste find its way into the landfills of developed and developing nations around the globe. The ultimate cause of all of this is globalization; however, the ultimate fact is that more and more landfills around the globe are filling up with waste products that were never used and only served as a means of transportation or safekeeping great product from one location to another. 1 As a function of understanding this cause-and-effect relationship, the following analysis will discuss how these effects are impacting upon the environment and what can ultimately be done to defend the environment from this unfortunate paradigm. One of the first and most obvious effects of the explosion in packaging waste has to do with the fact that it is being experienced firsthand in landfills around the globe. It is estimated by some scholars that in excess of 40% of all waste products that are disposed of and are ultimately nonbiodegradable are in fact related to product packaging. Accordingly, as the planet now supports in excess of 7 billion individuals, this is an issue that has to be addressed prior to further human development even being considered. Essentially, the wastefulness of product packaging and the focus on the bottom line, instead of the overall environmental impact, is an issue that will doom the planet unless it is addressed.2 Another noticeable impact and the fact that this particular situation espouses is related to the vast deforestation that must necessarily take place in order for much of this packing material to be provided to the end consumer. The most part, packaging material is

Syllabus Designing - Review of Literature Essay Example for Free

Syllabus Designing Review of Literature Essay English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is often underestimated because of teachers attitudes which are often characterized either by condescension or reluctance. This is manifested in the belief that often prevails among teachers that ESP is for those who cannot teach the real language. A good example of this situation is English in other departments or The Language Unit at university where teaching this component of the students program of studies is generally the responsibility of junior members of staff and where it is a slot-filling subject in the teachers time-tables. This underestimation may be due to the fact many language teachers are not aware of what it means to be an ESP teacher, and what it takes to be successful in this practice. The situation in the Tamil Nadu is even more complicated as there is not even a separation between ESP and English for General Purposes (EGP) when it comes to syllabuses and methodology, and who is better trained to teach what. Needs assessment, which is a major component of ESP, never exists, and, if does, it is never systematic, but rather based on teachers intuitions. Moreover, the methodology adopted in teaching never differs. That is, a teacher would enter a class with the same kind of methodology in mind regardless of the aims of each program. Unfortunately, programs are always put in the same basket and are always simply labelled as programs for Teaching English. As a matter of fact, English is not always just English for there are particularities that ought to be taken into consideration when designing syllabuses and practicing teaching depending on the objectives set for each situation. Definition of ESP (English for Specific Purposes) The term of ESP is generally represented as ‘English for Specific Purposes’, which emphasizes on the students’ purposes and refers to the whole range of language resources (Robinson, 1980). A definition of ESP given by Strevens (1988, p. 1 2) is that ESP needs to distinguish between four absolute and two variable characteristics namely: a. Absolute characteristics: ESP consists of English language teaching which is: designed to meet specified needs of the learners related in content (i. e. in its themes and topics) to particular disciplines, occupations and activities entered on the language appropriate to those activities, in syntax, lexis, discourse, semantics, etc. in contrast with ‘General English’. b. Variables characteristics: ESP may be, but is not necessarily: restricted as to the language skills to be learned (e. g. reading only, etc. ) taught according to any pre-ordained methodology (i. e. ESP is not restricted to any particular methodolog y – although communication methodology is very often felt to be most appropriate). Munby (1978, 1996) defined ESP in relation to ESP courses based on the analysis of the students’ language needs. His definition of ESP is still current as follows: â€Å"ESP courses are those where the syllabus and materials are determined in all essentials by the prior analysis of the communication needs of the learner† (p. 2). The interpretation of the expression ‘learner need’ deals with two different aspects of needs (Widdowson, 1984, p. 178), referring to (1) what the learner needs to do with the language once he or she has learned it. This is a goal-oriented definition of needs and relates to ‘terminal behavior’, the ends of learning. (2) [W]hat the learner needs o do to actually acquire the language. This is a process-oriented definition of needs, and relates to ‘transitional behavior’, the means of learning. In ESP, the ends of learning are as important as the means in spite of being normally goal-oriented (Hutchinson Waters, 1987; McDonough, 1984; Robinson, 1991), that is, ESP is meant â€Å"the teaching of English, not as an end in itsel f, but as an essential means to a clearly identifiable goal. † (Mackay, 1978, p. 92) The term of ‘ESP’ has thus been used by different people to mean different things (Blackie, 1979). Nonetheless, the claims for ESP normally have in common in a sense that ESP is not a new approach, but an emphasis on English teaching that should be matched to the students’ specific needs and purposes for their study of English (De Jesus, 1999; Hutchinson Waters, 1984, 1987; La Perla, 1984; Mackay, 1978; McDonough, 1984; Munby, 1978, 1996; Robinson, 1980, 1991; Strevens, 1977; Swales, 1985). Chambers and McDonough (1981) argue that the ‘specific’ in English for specific purposes should refer to both the purpose the language is being used for and the language itself. Three kinds of purposes suggested by Mackay and Mountford (1978) are: 1. â€Å"occupational requirements†, e. g. for international telephone operators, civil airline pilots, etc. ; 2. â€Å"vocational training program†, e. g. for hotel and catering staff, technical trades, etc. ; and 3. â€Å"academic or professional study†, e. g. engineering, medicine, law, etc. Accordingly, an ESP course is pertinently purposeful and is aimed at the successful performance of either occupational/vocational or educational roles (Robinson, 1980) or both. Moreover, Robinson (1991) argues that the language produced as a feature of ESP should be good enough for the job and not be necessarily native-speaker like, but be the communicative strategies and effectiveness of the non-native professional users of English. History of ESP According to Johns’ (1991) discussion, the ESP history in brief with respect to its development and expansion throughout the world has been influenced by the major theoretical and applied schools of linguistics and developed into four phases. The first phase (the 1960s and the early 1970s) was the structure-based phase of linguistic (i. . lexical and grammatical) features of academic and professional registers, for example, the language of electrical engineering and the language of law (e. g. Herbert, 1965). The second phase (the late 1970s and the early 1980s) was the discourse-based phase of register analysis where the function and purpose in discourse became more rhetorical (e. g. Trimble, 1985). The th ird phase (the integration of the discoveries in phase 1 and phase 2) was communication-based phase of systematic analyses of the target learning ituations which concentrate on Munbyian concepts of ‘notional-functional curriculum’ (Munby, 1996), namely: (a) the communicative purposes of speaker/writer; (b) the setting for language use; and (c) the mode of communication and language use. This leads to the language teaching in a communicative approach. The fourth phase (the late 1980s and the 1990s) has been focused on the strategies which learners employ to acquire the target language where the needs analysis (or needs assessment) centers on activities or procedures leading to effective teaching and learning (e. . Hutchinson Waters, 1987). Throughout the past four decades of the history of ESP, the areas of theoretical development and interest in teaching and learning of ESP, relating to the two main branches of ESP: EST and NON-EST, seem to include an interest in regis ter, discourse analysis, the specification of students’ needs (and wants), study skills, or in various methodological approaches to the development of communicative competence (Flowerder, 1990).

Motivation in Sales Industry

Motivation in Sales Industry In this project I am going to talk about Performance management which I faced when I was doing job with Reliance Life Insurance as a sales manager. The sales job is based on performance based and a person should be high motivated to achieve the given targets if he is not motivated he will not perform well and this is a loss for him as well as for company also. I faced lots of problem at my work place because there was a big preacher of work and no time to do that and my advisor were not that much efficient to get good business for the company. Reliance company triad to motivate his advisor by giving different training. Many people are facing the same problem at their work place and this is very important part of our life. There are some other problems which come in the performance management which leads to failure. In this project I will relate performance management with different motivation theories and problems in performance management, behaviour of the individual which affect th is in different way. Finding the solution of motivation to perform well and what manager should do to motivate his employee to work hard. Introduction In sales job people are facing so much performance preacher and motivation is playing a big role to achieve the target and helping to improve their performance. Performance management is the how people are working to towards their objective (performance management). Objective can be short-term or annual; the important is how is the balance between defining what the organisation requires to be achieved and what is the motivation towards achieving target [1] (The motivation hand book, Hollyforde and Whiddett, pg- 217). Performance is based on individual behaviour. According Susan M. Heathfield Performance management is a work environment which we create for those people who are enabled to perform beat as per their ability. Performance management starts with job with whole work system and its and when employee leave the job [4].In other word we can say the performance management is contribution of effective management by individual or team to achieve high level of organisation performan ce [2].overall we can say the performance management is important in every organization and to do it effectively motivation is very important. Company Introduction My company was Reliance Life Insurance which deals in life insurance business. Company has many branches in India and many employees working in this company. As sales manager we have to make our own advisor to get business. Company started in 2006 with investment of 11 million dollar. Structure- The organization structure of the company as branch level is Branch Manager is on the top level of the branch and then Sales manager and the Advisor. Branch manager take daily report from sales manager and the sales manager take business from the advisor and its a tough marketing job to take business from the advisor because of the high competitive market. Sales manager has to motivate his advisor to get good business. Sales job is a performance based job if you perform well you will get good inactive, rewards, promotion. You will get this if you achieve your given targets and if you are highly motivated. The issue or Problems- The insurance company itself passing through different advisor problems because only advisor get business from the market and they must be responsible for their work. To motivate advisor company followed the McGregor X theory of motivation. Advisor on the other hand suffered from the hygiene factor and to resolve this company use theory which given by the Frederick for motivation. The expectancy theory for high moral and there expectation from there work to increase business of the company. Take all issue of the advisor and apply different theory of motivation can help to improve performance. THE X THEORY OF MOTIVATION BY MCGREGOR According to x theory of McGregor, average employee dont like to work because he is directed, controlled, corrected towards organization long-term goal. People try to work on that why so that they can avoid responsibility. They run from their responsibility because they dont get know the benefits of the good work. In my company we facing there problem because of this system going on the X theory of McGregor and the company assume that advisor do not want to work because they were not trained and they were highly demotivated because lake of training and no clear organization goal. The management realise the situation and tried to resolve this by giving high training of business and motivation. THE EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION- The expectancy theory of motivation says that work react according to the force of environment. Course of action depends on person to person, perceived action lead people to choose their action and in the possible alternative people use rational choices. Its a subjective probability; the act of the person will lead to a certain outcome. There are many factors that shows that weather a person perform as desired expectancy theory formulates this uncertainty as effort of performance expectancy, only hard work gives outcome. The second theory says that performance followed by the outcome. This outcome includes awards, promotion, pay increase and bonus. The third theory is valence. It has a range of value expressing the degree of avoidance or attraction which shows that the person is associate with the income. The function of motivation is F=V X I X E and this is based on assumptions. The effect of valence in Reliance Life Insurance Company and by motivational point of view can say that there was low morale level in the advisor and on fair input by them. The expectancy level was also very low because there was no reward for the good work. If any advisor doing good job he got treated same as other low performer advisor. This behaviour increase dissatisfaction among the good advisors. TWO FACTOR MOTIVATION THEORY BY HERZBERG- American psychologist Frederick Herzberg develops the theory of job enrichment at first and it say the different factor between the job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction. The first factor is about motivator as known as job or content factor and the second factor is known as hygiene factor or organizational context factor. The advisor of the Reliance Company were unskilled and their work satisfaction dependent upon hygiene factor. Insurance company need to redesign the job to increase the business by motivation which lead the performance improvement, absence of hygiene factor and the reward system in the company and thats why the advisor were not satisfied with job. Advisor were not satisfied with this at all because other factor like socioeconomic, personal factor also affect this and the absence of hygiene factor like irregularity in commission, rewards etc. also there. The company policy in this mater was not good and the expectancy level of the sales manager and the advisor cam e down very low. GOAL SETTING THEORY OF MOTIVATION OR TASK MOTIVATION THEORY The immediate relationship between employees pay and performance is goal setting theory. There are different preposition in goal setting theory. This preposition lead certain specific goal which followed by motivational techniques. Difficult goal According to E.A.Locke More difficult goal result in higher level of performance then easy goals. Specific goal Specific goals produce higher level of performance than general goals. This goals shows performance. Behavioural intention This theory is the intention to make a certain task choice or to respond in a certain way. Knowledge of result For the effective goal setting the feedback is very important. As per the company point the management should know the result of their decision.

Teaching: It Chose Me :: Reflective Writing Education Essays

Teaching: It Chose Me What inspired me to be a teacher? In the back of my mind, I think I’ve always wanted to be a teacher. Although I wasn’t always particularly fond of going to school early in my life, I always, it seemed, really liked my teachers. I didn’t like being away from home when I was in elementary school and a lot of times I would cry and want to go home, but my teachers would talk with me and help calm me down and then I would be okay for a while. Looking back, I appreciate the way they helped me through those "bad" days. I realize now teachers do more than teach -- they are role models for their young students and they can have a tremendous influence on them. Another factor that helped influence my decision to enter the teaching field is that I love children. I have always enjoyed babysitting, not just for the money, but for the enjoyment I usually have when I babysit. I think kids are such fun. In a way, I guess when I babysit, I do some of the things teachers do. I like to read books to them and ask them questions and do learning activities with them. Today’s young children are our next generation. I love to see how well they learn what you are teaching them, like when they learn to read. It is so exciting to them to be able to read! I still love to read to this day from being inspired by my elementary teachers. My teachers inspired me to be anything I wanted to be in life. I want to have an impact like that on someone’s life one day also. My road to the teaching field has taken a few curves along the way. While I had given some thought to being a teacher earlier in my life, other things began to influence me. When I was in high school, I gave serious thought to being a journalist, especially a television newscaster. I thought that would be an awesome job! You get to dress up, have your hair styled everyday and, on top of that, you would always be ‘in the know’ about what’s going on locally, statewide and nationally. Teaching: It Chose Me :: Reflective Writing Education Essays Teaching: It Chose Me What inspired me to be a teacher? In the back of my mind, I think I’ve always wanted to be a teacher. Although I wasn’t always particularly fond of going to school early in my life, I always, it seemed, really liked my teachers. I didn’t like being away from home when I was in elementary school and a lot of times I would cry and want to go home, but my teachers would talk with me and help calm me down and then I would be okay for a while. Looking back, I appreciate the way they helped me through those "bad" days. I realize now teachers do more than teach -- they are role models for their young students and they can have a tremendous influence on them. Another factor that helped influence my decision to enter the teaching field is that I love children. I have always enjoyed babysitting, not just for the money, but for the enjoyment I usually have when I babysit. I think kids are such fun. In a way, I guess when I babysit, I do some of the things teachers do. I like to read books to them and ask them questions and do learning activities with them. Today’s young children are our next generation. I love to see how well they learn what you are teaching them, like when they learn to read. It is so exciting to them to be able to read! I still love to read to this day from being inspired by my elementary teachers. My teachers inspired me to be anything I wanted to be in life. I want to have an impact like that on someone’s life one day also. My road to the teaching field has taken a few curves along the way. While I had given some thought to being a teacher earlier in my life, other things began to influence me. When I was in high school, I gave serious thought to being a journalist, especially a television newscaster. I thought that would be an awesome job! You get to dress up, have your hair styled everyday and, on top of that, you would always be ‘in the know’ about what’s going on locally, statewide and nationally.

Politics and the American People Essay

Being able to marry your most beloved one is the happiest and luckiest thing in this world. However, not everyone can do this because of the Defense of Marriage Act which defines marriage as being between a man and a woman. Same-sex couples have to suffer a lot in order to fight for their rights and their happiness.Theyare denied equal access to all the benefits, rights, and privileges provided by federal law to married couples.If we think of it from a humanity standpoint, everyone has the right to pursue happiness. Therefore, same-sex marriage should be legal. The reason for making gay marriage legal is equality in citizenship. Despite their sexual attraction, homosexual individuals must be treated in the same way as everyone. They should not only have the same rights in housing, jobs, social benefits but also in marriage. Lately, a Republican Senate, Mark Kirk, has become the second Republican senator to endorse same sex marriage. â€Å"Same-sex couples should have the right to civil marriage. Our time on this earth is limited, I know that better than most,† Kirk said. â€Å"Life comes down to who you love and who loves you back– government has no place in the middle.† President Obama is also a supporter of gay marriage. â€Å"Not only is it right and fair, but also consistent with our Constitution,† he said. â€Å"It is very important for us to remember we’re a nation in which everybody’s supposed to be equal before the law.† President’s statement is the hope for LGBT, Les Gay Bisexual Transgender community, to be treated equally by the law. Legalizing gay marriage is the way to show support and sympathy to homosexual individuals. Most Americans who think same-sex relations are wrong believe being gay or lesbian is a choice. Those who do not think same-sex relations are wrong think being gay or lesbian is something people cannot change. Senator Rob Portman, from Ohio, a co-sponsor of the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, now supports same-sex marriage after learning his son was gay. â€Å"I have come to believe that if two people are prepared to make a lifetime commitment to love and care for each other in good times and in bad, the government shouldn’t deny them the opportunity to get married,† he said. His son, Will, told his parents that being gay was not a choice, but the part of who he is, , and that’s who he’d been that way for as long as he could remember. Most of the homosexual individuals feel unconfident in front of the publicity due to the sexual attraction, and they feel lonely because of the isolation. Publicity should give them confidence for being who they are to lead on a bright life. Moreover, having a feeling for someone isn’t a sin. Hence, gender doesn’t matter in a relationship, gay couples also need support from the others. Generally, there’re a lot of people who oppose gay marriage because they think it’s weird and immoral. It’s rare, but doesn’t mean weird and unhappy. Homosexual individuals are just a small amount of us, but they are nothing different from us but their love to the same sex. They also take care of their partner well, love each other and live an ordinary life. How people can use immorality as an excuse to prevent the others seeking for their happiness?Let’s take Elton John and David Furnish as an example. John is the well-known musician who is used to addict to alcohol and drugs, but his partner, David, helped him to get rid of those dangerous addictions and live a better life. They formalized their relationship in December 2005, and they also adapted a boy in 2010. It’s the obvious proof that homosexual individuals can live a normal life as same-sex marriage legalized. In spite of one’s gender and sex’s attraction, everyone should be respected and treated equally in marriage. So, they can live a normal life and be happy with their beloved one. More and more Senate Democratand Republican support same-sex marriage. The battles over same-sex couples marrying still continues, and the number of Americans who support same-sex marriage is increasing. From what I see, if there’s any reason for fighting for gay marriage, they must be love, equal, sympathy and because we’re human.

Biography of Childrens Author Tomie dePaola

Biography of Children's Author Tomie dePaola Tomie dePaola  is acclaimed as an award-winning childrens author and illustrator, with more than  200  books  to his credit. In addition to illustrating all of these books, dePaola is also the author of more than a quarter of them. In his art, his stories, and his interviews, Tomie dePaola comes across as a man filled with a love of humanity and joie de vivre. Early Life By the age of four, Tomie dePaola  knew he wanted to be an artist. At the age of 31, dePaola illustrated his first picture book. Since 1965, he has published at least one book a year, and  generally four to six books annually. Much of what we know about Tomie dePaolas early life comes from the authors own books. In fact, he his series of beginning chapter books is based on his childhood. Known as 26 Fairmount Avenue books, they include 26 Fairmount Avenue, which received a 2000 Newbery Honor Award, Here We All Are, and On My Way. Tomie came from a loving family of Irish and Italian background. He had an older brother and two younger sisters. His grandmothers were an important part of his life. Tomies parents supported his desire to be an artist and to perform on stage. Education and Training When Tomie expressed an interest in taking dance lessons, he was immediately enrolled, even though it was unusual for a young boy to take dance lessons at that time. In his picture book Oliver Button is a Sissy, dePaola uses the bullying that he experienced because of the lessons as the basis for the story. The emphasis in Tomies family was on enjoying home, school, family and friends, and embracing personal interests and talents. dePaola received a BFA from Pratt Institute and an MFA from the California College of Arts Crafts. Between college and graduate school, he spent a brief time in a Benedictine monastery. DePaola taught art and/or theater design at the college level from 1962 through 1978 before devoting himself full time to childrens literature. Literary Awards and Accomplishments Tomie dePaolas work has been recognized with numerous awards, including a 1976 Caldecott Honor Book Award for his picture book Strega Nona. The title character, whose name means Grandma Witch is apparently very loosely based on Tomies Italian grandmother. DePaola received the New Hampshire Governors Arts Award as the 1999 Living Treasure for the entire body of his work. A number of American colleges have awarded dePaola honorary degrees. He has also received several awards from the Society of Childrens Book Writers and Illustrators, the Kerlan Award from the University of Minnesota, and awards from the Catholic Library Association and the Smithsonian Institution, among others. His books are frequently used in the classroom. Writing Influences DePaolas picture books cover a number of themes/topics. Some of these include  his own life, Christmas and other holidays (religious and secular), folktales, Bible stories, Mother Goose rhymes, and books about Strega Nona. Tomie dePaola has also written a number of informational books like ​Charlie Needs a Cloak, which is the story of the creation of a wool cloak, from shearing a sheep to spinning the wool, weaving the cloth, and sewing the garment. dePaolas collections include Mother Goose rhymes, scary stories, seasonal stories, and nursery tales. He is also the author of Patrick, Patron Saint of Ireland. His books are characterized by humor and light-hearted illustrations, many in a folk art style. DePaola creates his artwork in a combination of watercolor, tempera, and acrylic. A Full and Accomplished Life   Today, Tomie dePaola lives in New Hampshire. His art studio is in a large barn. He travels to events and makes personal appearances regularly. DePaola continues to write books based on his own life and interests, as well as illustrating books for other authors. To learn more about this extraordinary man, read Tomie dePaola: His Art and His Stories, which was written by Barbara Elleman and published by G.P. Putnams Sons in 1999.